Description

Amongst all the livestock that makes up the farm animals in Nigeria, ruminants, comprising sheep, goats and cattle, constitute the farm animals largely reared by farm families in the country’s agricultural system.

Nigeria’s Livestock population is put at about twenty-two million, three hundred thousand (22,300,000) Cattle heads; fifty-three million (53,000,000) Sheep; ninety-nine million, eight hundred thousand (99,800,000) Goats; nine million, two hundred thousand (9,200,000) Pigs and over four hundred and twenty-five million, seven hundred thousand (425,700,000) Poultries, spread across the six geopolitical zones of the country, kept by majority of Nigerians especially in rural and semi-rural settings.

The livestock industry plays an indispensable role in the traditional agriculture and largely subsistence economy of Nigeria, the sub-sector contributes about fifteen-point three percent (15.3%) of the total agricultural sector.

The sector is undergoing a massive transformation fuelled by high demand for meat, which is likely to double in the near future, the major forces behind this, is the combination of population growth, urbanization and income growth (FAO/IAEA, 2006).

Goat farming has emerged as a promising agricultural venture in Nigeria, offering numerous opportunities for farmers to enhance their livelihoods and contribute to the nation’s food security. With a favourable climate and growing demand for goat meat, goat farming has gained momentum across the country.

Goats have been domesticated for thousands of years, and their significance in Nigeria cannot be overstated. They are raised for multiple purposes, including:

Meat Production: Goat meat, commonly referred to as “chevon” or “mutton,” is a staple in Nigerian cuisine. It is used in various dishes, including suya (spiced grilled meat), pepper soup, and stews.

The demand for goat meat is consistently high, making goat farming a lucrative venture.

Milk Production: While not as common as cattle or sheep milk, goat milk is still an essential source of nutrition for many Nigerian families. It is used to make traditional dairy products like yogurt and cheese.

Fiber Production: Certain goat breeds are prized for their luxurious fleece, which is used for weaving textiles and making traditional clothing.

Manure: Goat manure is an excellent organic fertilizer that enriches the soil and improves crop yields. This makes goats an essential component of integrated farming systems.

Goat farming in Nigeria can be categorized into extensive and intensive systems. In rural and less developed areas, goats are often reared under extensive systems, where they graze on communal lands. These systems require minimal inputs but may have limited control over goat health and production.

In more developed regions, farmers adopt intensive systems with better infrastructure, housing, and healthcare. These systems are more productive but require higher investments.

Goat farming in Nigeria has deep historical roots, dating back centuries. Indigenous communities and ethnic groups, such as the Fulani and Yoruba, have traditionally kept goats for their meat, milk, and hides. Goats played a pivotal role in the socio-economic and cultural life of these communities, providing a valuable source of protein and income.

Over the years, the practice of goat farming has evolved from a subsistence level to a more commercial venture. The recognition of goats as an essential livestock species has led to the establishment of modern breeding programs, improved management practices, and increased commercialization.

Nigeria’s diverse geography and climate have given rise to a wide range of goat breeds, each adapted to specific ecological niches. The country experiences three distinct climatic zones: the Sahel in the north, the Sudan savannah in the middle belt, and the humid forest region in the south. These climatic zones influence the distribution of goat breeds across the country.

Northern Nigeria: In the arid and semi-arid regions of northern Nigeria, goats are primarily reared for their meat. Goats in this region are adapted to hot, dry conditions and are often of smaller stature. The harsh climate has led to the development of hardy breeds that can thrive in these conditions.

Middle Belt: The middle belt region has a more temperate climate and is suitable for a variety of goat breeds. This area is known for its diverse agricultural practices, and goats here are often raised for both meat and milk.

Southern Nigeria: The southern part of Nigeria experiences a humid tropical climate with ample rainfall. This region is home to several unique goat breeds that thrive in these conditions. Here, goats are often raised for their milk, and they contribute significantly to the local dairy industry.
Some of the prominent goat breeds found in different parts of Nigeria and their characteristics are listed below.

Sahel Goat (Red Sokoto): Primarily in the northern states. Sahel goats are known for their distinctive red coat and long ears. They are adapted to arid conditions and are valued for their meat and hides. They are hardy and can withstand heat and drought.

West African Dwarf Goat: Found in various parts of Nigeria, but especially in the southern and middle belt regions. West African Dwarf goats are small in size but highly prolific.

They are often raised for their milk, which is rich in protein and essential minerals. These goats come in various colours and patterns, making them visually appealing.

Kano Brown Goat: Predominantly found in northern Nigeria. Kano Brown goats are known for their sturdy build and excellent meat quality. They have a light brown coat and are well adapted to the hot and dry conditions of the Sahel region.

Pygmy Goat: Found in different parts of Nigeria, but most commonly in the southern regions. Pygmy goats are small in size and are often kept as pets or for ornamental purposes. They have a friendly disposition and are well-suited to family farming.

Toggenburg Goat: Predominantly found in the southern and middle belt regions. Toggenburg goats are prized for their milk production. They have a distinct brown coat with white facial stripes and are known for their high-quality milk, which is rich in butterfat.

Goat farming has become a significant contributor to Nigeria’s agriculture sector. Several factors have contributed to the growth and development of this industry.

Nigeria’s diverse climatic regions provide suitable conditions for goat rearing throughout the year. Different breeds of goats thrive in various ecological zones, making it possible to rear goats in almost every part of the country.

The growing population, urbanization, and increasing middle-class income have driven up the demand for goat meat. This demand has, in turn, created opportunities for goat farmers to capitalize on this lucrative market.

Starting a goat farming venture in Nigeria requires relatively low capital compared to other livestock farming options. This makes it accessible to a wide range of farmers, including smallholders and individuals looking for an additional income stream.

Goats are known for their high reproductive rates, with some breeds capable of producing multiple kids in a single kidding season. This characteristic contributes to the rapid growth of goat populations on farms.

Goats provide various products, including meat, milk, hides, and manure. This versatility allows farmers to diversify their income sources.