Description

Nigerian agriculture is characterized by considerable regional and crop diversity. Analysis of this sector, particularly the food sub-sector, is fraught with serious data problems. However, the available statistics provide a broad overview of development in agriculture upon which we can make some broad generalizations about its role in economic development and structural change in Nigeria.

In the 1960s, the agricultural sector was the most important in terms of contributions to domestic production, employment and foreign exchange earnings. The situation remained almost the same three decades later with the exception that it is no longer the principal foreign exchange earner, a role now being played by oil.

The sector remained stagnant during the oil boom decade of the 1970s, and this accounted largely for the declining share of its contributions. The trend in the share of agriculture in the GDP shows a substantial variation and long-term decline from 60% in the early 1960s through 48.8% in the 1970s and 22.2% in the 1980s. Unstable and often inappropriate economic policies (of pricing, trade and exchange rate), the relative neglect of the sector and the negative impact of oil boom were also important factors responsible for the decline in its contributions.

On its diversity, Nigerian agriculture features tree and food crops, forestry, livestock and fisheries. In 1993 at 1984 constant factor cost, crops (the major source of food) accounted for about 30% of the Gross Domestic Products (GDP), livestock about 5%, forestry and wildlife about 1.3% and fisheries accounted 1.2%.

Soya bean is one of the most common food crops grown and consumed in many parts of Africa. Soy bean (Glycine Max) is classified as an oilseed rather than a pulse. It is a species of legume native to East Asia (China) and still remains a major crop there till today. Prior to its use for fermented food products, soybean was considered sacred for use in crop rotation as a method of fixing nitrogen. The bean on dry weight basis is 29% oil, 40% protein, 35% carbohydrate and about 5% ash. Its protein is heat stable, thus allowing it to withstand high temperature during cooking.

Though production and utilization of soy bean started in the Orient as far back as the 11th Century, this ancient crop became grown in other parts of the world just in the 20th Century. It was first introduced in Europe in the 1700s and in America in 1804 (Katz, 1998).

It was introduced to Africa from China in the late 19th Century and is now widespread across the continent including Nigeria. The earliest known cultivation of soy beans in Africa was in 1896, when they were grown in Algeria, at a government botanical station and later in 1903, when they were grown in South Africa. From 1908, there has being a dramatic and tremendous increasing interest in growing Soybean in Africa, as Europe for the first time began import large quantities of Soybean in response to severe shortages and prices of oil.

By 1982, Soybean and Soy foods, though still played a very minor role in Africa have been identified as having great potentials in arresting the declining per capital food production as well as protein and calorie consumption in the Continent including Nigeria.

Soy bean was introduced into Nigeria in 1908; it was first planted in Ibadan, Oyo State. Initially the crop was cultivated for export with the support and encouragement of Groundnut Board. Nigeria presently produces about 500,000 MT of Soybean annually making it the largest producer of the product on the African continent. Soybean is a legume which is produced in most the middle belt of the country with Benue state accounting for about 45% of the total production in country.

Soya Bean is a leguminous crop whose importance and economic benefits cannot be over emphasized. Products that can be gotten from Soya Bean include Soy Cake, Soy oil, Full Fat Soya, Soy meal, soy meal, soy flour, soy milk, tofu, textured vegetable protein amongst other things.

This report seeks to examine the financial viability or otherwise of establishing a mechanized soya bean plantation and soy milk processing plant in Benue State, Nigeria.

The size and locations of the farm is sixty-five (65) hectares of land located in Benue State. Sixty (60) hectares would be used for the farm while the remaining five (5) hectares would be used for the construction of the office, warehouse and other civil works. The farm is expected to yield tw0 and half (2.5) tons of soya bean per hectare with the use of improved seedling (TGX 1448-2E) which matures in four (4) months with two production cycle per annum.

The proposed production volume is one (1) tons/day at 100% capacity utilization and the plant would operate at 90% of the installed capacity for a single shift of eight (8) hours per day for three hundred (300) working days per annum and producing 180,000 cartons of 500 cl glass bottle of twelve pieces of soy milk per annum. Input-output ratio of 1Kg: 4L was assumed from soya bean to soy milk.