Soybean is an important source of high quality and inexpensive protein and oil. With an average protein content of 40% and oil content of 20%, soybean has the highest protein content of all food crops and is second only to groundnuts in terms of oil content amongst food legumes. When compared with other grains, soya bean is fortified with the highest level of protein as it contains all the essential amino acid required for human development. It is also rich in mineral, vitamins and fiber.
There are numerous varieties of soya bean ideal for different climates and vegetation belt but the most common varieties are TGX 1448-2E, TGX 1485-ID and TGX 1835-10E. These varieties can be purchased from seed companies or from the Ministry of Agriculture where its viability, freedom from disease and pest is guaranteed.
Before sowing, the seeds should be treated with captan (at the rate of 1 sachet/8 kg of seeds) before planting for protection against soil-borne fungal diseases.) to keep them safe from soil borne diseases. Soybean seeds easily lose their viability. It is common for soybean, even when stored properly, not to germinate after 12 –15 months in storage. Therefore, use seeds that are not more than 12 months old to ensure good germination.
Sort out the good seeds for planting to ensure that they are free from insects, disease infestation, and weed seeds. Do not purchase seeds from the open market as the germination potential is not guaranteed.
Sow soybean by hand, planter, or by drilling. Plant 3 to 4 seeds/hole at a spacing of 75 cm between rows and 10 cm between stands. Alternatively, drill seeds at 50–75 cm between rows and 5 cm within rows.
For the early maturing varieties, a spacing of 50 cm between rows and 5–10 cm within rows is recommended because they respond better to narrow spacing than the late-maturing varieties. Do not sow seeds more than 2–5 cm deep. Deeper planting may result in loss of vigor or failure of seedlings to emerge.
Soybean matures within 3–4 months after planting and requires timely harvesting to check excessive yield losses. At maturity, the pod is straw-colored. It is recommended that soybean be harvested when about 85% of the pods have turned brown for a non-shattering variety but 80% for shattering varieties.
Soybean seed contains about 20% oil. To extract soybean oil from seed, the soybeans are cracked, adjusted for moisture content, rolled into flakes and solvent-extracted with commercial hexane.
“Oil” is a collective term for more or less viscous, generally organic-chemical liquids. Depending on their chemical composition, a distinction may be drawn between fatty, essential, mineral and silicone oils. Fatty oils include liquid, semisolid and solid products of vegetable and animal origin.
Vegetable oil is a white to yellowish oil of vegetable origin which is solid at normal temperatures and is obtained from the milling of soya bean seeds. It is one of the best oils. Soya bean cake is gotten as a bye-product. They form a very important part of the feeds of animal.
The market for vegetable oil and soya bean cake is national. With a population of over 165 million people and an estimated national population growth rate of 5.7% per annum, an average economic growth rate of 3.5% per annum in the past five {5} years, Nigeria has a large market for edible oil.
The demand is high but local supply low hence the need for importation in the past. Industry data suggest that Nigerian consumers use more than one million {1,000,000} tones of vegetable oil annually.
In 2005, in order to stimulate local production and attain self-sufficiency in vegetable oil production, the government introduced the presidential initiative on the development of edible oil over a period not exceeding three (3) years.
Under this initiative, attention was focused on the promotion of eleven scheduled oil seed crops which are oil palm seed, groundnut seed, Soya beans seed, cotton seed etc and production target was set for each of the crops under the programme as follow
1. Oil Palm: 1 million hectares capacity of producing 15 million fresh fruit bunches
2. Groundnut: 15 million tons annually
3. Soya beans: 670,000 1 million tons per annum
4. Seed Cotton: 1 million tons over the plan period
After several years of the initiative, the domestic edible oil demand far exceeds the national production. The short fall in supply is estimated at about 300,000 tons per year.
From the above figures, it is clear that there is a large and sustainable market for vegetable oil in Nigeria.
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FULL FAT SOYA PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA; THE FEASIBILITY REPORT
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